I don't think deism or agnosticism are really things to be proved anyway;they are world views and not statements. The real test of a world view is for internal consistency. Perhaps world view is not the best word but I think it gets my point across. Asking an agnostic to prove he doesn't know if a god exists or a deist to prove that he finds the existence of god to be intuitively obvious would be silly. However, if a deist claims to have proof for the existence of god that is a different matter. Also, if an agnostic claims that god is inherently unknowable then he should be expected to prove it. This follows from the agnostic position that you should only believe things that can be demonstrated.
In any event, if you are looking for philosophers that apply mathematical reasoning, I would suggest skimming through some introductory philosophy texts. You may even want to check a multi-volume encyclopedia of philosophy in a library. It contains a thorough but brief discussion of the entire history of logic dating back to ancient times. Wikipedia even has a decent discussion on predicate or modal logic. |